Countries in Latin America by date of independence The Latin American wars of independence were the that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in. These revolutions followed the and, which had profound effects on the, and colonies in the Americas., a French slave colony, was the first to follow the United States; the lasted from 1791 to 1804, when they won their independence. The with France, which resulted from the, caused in Spanish America to question their allegiance to Spain, stoking independence movements that culminated in the, which lasted almost two decades.

1. Latin American Peoples Win Independence Guided Reading Answer Key

At the same time, the Portuguese monarchy relocated to during Portugal's French occupation. After the royal court returned to, the, remained in Brazil and in 1822 successfully declared himself emperor of a newly independent Brazil. Cuban independence was fought against Spain in two wars (Ten Years and Little War).

Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule until the in 1898. Contents.

Conditions prior to revolution Undermining of metropolitan authority Spain's international wars at the second half of the 18th century evidenced the empire's difficulties in reinforcing its colonial possessions and provide them with economic aid. This led to an increased local participation in the financing of the defense and an increased participation in the militias by the locally born. Such development was at odds with the ideals of the centralized. The Spanish did also formal concessions to strengthen the defense: In Spanish authorities promised freedom from the for those indigenous locals who settled near the new stronghold of (founded in 1768) and contributed to its defense. The increased local organization of the defenses would ultimately undermine metropolitan authority and bolster the independence movement.

Napoleonic Wars. Main articles: and Evolving from the wars that Revolutionary France fought with the rest of Europe, the Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars fought between (led by ) and alliances involving Britain, and at different times, from 1799 to 1815. In the case of Spain and its colonies, in May 1808, Napoleon captured Carlos IV and King Fernando VII and installed his own brother, Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish Throne because he didn't want anyone outside of his own bloodline to rule Spain. This pivotal point greatly disrupted the political stability of both Spain and its colonies. Cities throughout Spain and its colonies in America each formed governing bodies primarily consisting of local elites.

These ruling local elites were called juntas and their underlying principle in taking power over their communities was that 'in absence of the king, Fernando VII, their sovereignty devolved temporarily back to the community.' The juntas swore loyalty to the captive Fernando VII and each ruled different and diverse parts of the colony. Most of Fernando's subjects were loyal to him in 1808, but after he was restored to the Spanish crown in 1814, his policy of restoring absolute power alienated both the juntas and his subjects. He abrogated the and persecuted anyone who had supported it. The violence used by royalist forces and the prospect of being ruled by Fernando shifted the majority of the colonist population in favor of separation from Spain. Spanish military presence in its colonies.

Latin American Peoples Win Independence Guided Reading Answer Key

Graphs showing the make-up of the royalist army at the time of the revolution. The colonial army of Spanish Empire in Americas was divided in two sides confronted, one was the, they were the American and European supporters of. The Royalists' were made up of a diversity of peoples loyal to the crown, with Americans composing the majority of the royalist forces in all fronts. There were two types of units: the expeditionary units created in Spain, and the units called Veterans or created in the Americas. The militias included some veteran units was called the disciplined militia.

Only 11% of the personnel in the militias were European or American whites. After 's revolution, in 1820, no more Spanish soldiers were sent to the wars in the Americas. In 1820 there were only 10,001 Spanish soldiers in the Americas, and Spaniards formed only 10% of all the royalist armies, and only half of the soldiers of the expeditionary units were European.

By the in 1824, less than 1% of the soldiers were European. Other factors. Main articles: and Independence movements in South America can be traced back to slave revolts in plantations in the northernmost part of the continent and Caribbean.

In 1791, a sparked a general insurrection against the plantation system and French colonial power. These events were followed by a violent uprising led by and that sprung up in 1795 Venezuela, allegedly inspired by the revolution in Haiti. Toussaint L'Ouverture was born a slave in Saint-Domingue where he developed labor skills that would give him higher privileges than other slaves. He intellectually and physically advanced resulting in promotion,land of his own, and owning slaves. In 1791, slaves in Haiti former a revolution to seek independence from their French owners. L'Ouverture joined the rebellion as a top military official with the intention to abolish slavery without complete independence. However, through a series of letters written by Toussaint, it became clear that he grew open to a equal human rights for all that live in Haiti.

Similar to the to how the United States Constitution was ratified, the enlightenment ideas of equality and representation of the people created an impact of change against the status quo that sparked the revolution. The letter details the great concerns of he felt due to a conservative shift in France’s legislature after the revolution in 1797. The greatest fear was that these conservative values could give ideas to the French Government to bring back slavery. The enlightenment has proven to forever change the way a captive society thinks after L’Ouverture refuses to let the French send him and his people back into slavery. “.when finally the rule of law took the place of anarchy under which the unfortunate colony had too long suffered, what fatality can have led the greatest enemy of its prosperity and our happiness still to dare to threaten us with the return of slavery?” Ultimately, slavery was abolished from French colonies in 1794 and Haiti declared Independence from France in 1804. Main article: The crisis of political legitimacy in Spain with the Napoleonic invasion sparked reaction in Spain's overseas empire.

The outcome in Spanish America was that most of the region achieved political independence and instigated the creation of sovereign nations. The areas that were most recently formed as viceroyalties were the first to achieve independence, with the old centers of Spanish power in Mexico and Peru with strong and entrenched institutions and elites were the last to achieve independence in this era. The two exceptions to independence were the islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico, which with the Philippines, remained Spanish colonies until the 1898. Argentina.

Main article: The Chilean Independence movement was led by the Liberator General Bernardo O'Higgins. This movement of Chilean-born criollos, who sought political and economic independence from Spain. The movement for independence was far from gaining unanimous support among Chileans, who became divided between independentists and royalists. What started as an elitist political movement against their colonial master, finally ended as a full-fledged civil war. Traditionally, the process is divided into three stages:, and. Main article: The first uprising against Spanish rule took place in 1809, and criollos in Ecuador set up a junta on September 22, 1810 to rule in the name of the Bourbon monarch; but as elsewhere, it allowed assertion of their own power. Only in 1822 did fully gain independence and became part of, from which it withdrew in 1830.

At the, near present-day, on May 24, 1822, General 's forces defeated a Spanish force defending Quito. The Spanish defeat guaranteed the liberation of Ecuador. This article needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) United States and Great Britain Great Britain and the United States were rivals for influence in the newly independent sovereign nations.

As a result of the successful revolutions which established so many new independent nations, United States President and the Secretary of State drafted the. It stated that the United States would not tolerate any European interference in the. This measure ostensibly was taken in order to safeguard the newfound liberties of these new countries, but it was also taken as a precautionary measure against the intrusion of European states. Since the United States was a newly founded nation, it lacked the capacity to prevent other European powers from interfering, for that the United States looked for Britain's help and support to execute the Monroe Doctrine into action.

Great Britain's trade with Latin America greatly expanded during the revolutionary period, which until then was restricted due to Spanish trade policies. British pressure was sufficient to prevent Spain from attempting any serious reassertion of its control over its lost colonies. Later developments in Latin America. See also:, and Internal divisions also resulted in internecine wars. For example, proved too fragile and the South American nation collapsed within ten years.

Because many of the political strongmen of this period , who came to power were from the military, a strong authoritarian streak marked many of the new governments. There were countless revolts, and inter-state wars, which never allowed Latin America to become united. This was exacerbated by the fact that Latin America is a land of various and very diverse cultures that do not identify with, nor have a sense of unity, with one another. The Spanish Empire in America was reduced to three Caribbean islands: and. For some years before definitive independence was achieved.

After three independence wars in Cuba, the 1898 ended Spanish colonial rule. Brazil achieved its independence peacefully in 1822, becoming a monarchy, the. It retained its territorial integrity following independence, as opposed to the fragmentation of Spanish America into separate republics.

Brazil was an anomaly in Latin America as a large, successful and stable monarchy until 1889, when the monarchy was overthrown following the abolition of slavery, and ('Old Republic') was founded. Attempts at hemispheric unity. Main article: The notion of closer Spanish American cooperation and unity was first put forward by the Liberator who, at the 1826, proposed the creation a league of American republics, with a common military, a mutual defense pact, and a supranational parliamentary assembly. This meeting was attended by representatives of (comprising the modern-day nations of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela), the (, and ), and. Nevertheless, the great distances and geographical barriers, not to mention the different national and regional interests, made union impossible. Sixty-three years later the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics was established.

It was renamed the International Commercial Bureau at the Second International Conference of 1901–1902. These two bodies, in existence as of 14 April 1890, represent the point of inception of today's. See also. References.