Full text of ' FM 3-22.9(FM23-9) RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP M16A1,M16A2/3, M16A4, AND M4 CARBINE APRIL 2003 HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. FIELD MANUAL No. 3-22.9 (23-9) TM 3-22. 9(FM 23-9) HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC, 24 April 2003 RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP M16A1, M16A2/3, M16A4 and M4 CARBINE CONTENTS Page PREFACE v CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND TRAINING STRATEGY Section I. Training Overview 1-1 1-1.

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Objectives 1-1 1-2. Training Strategy 1-1 1-3. Training Phases 1-3 Section II. Marksmanship Training Strategy 1-5 1-4. Mission-Essential Tasks 1-5 1-5. Training Assessment 1-5 1-6.

Basic Program Implementation 1-6 1-7. Training the Trainer 1-6 1-8. Duties of the Instructor- Trainer 1-7 1-9. Trainer Certification Program 1-7 1-10. Qualification Training 1-9 1-11.

Unit Live-Fire Exercises 1-10 1-12. Commander's Evaluation Guide 1-11 CHAPTER 2.

CHARACTERISTICS, AMMUNITION, AND ACCESSORIES 2-1. Characteristics 2-1 2-2. Rail Adapter System 2-9 2-3. Rail Grabbers and MILES Training Extender 2-12 2-4. Backup Iron Sight 2-14 2-5. M68, Close-Combat Optic 2-15 2-6. AN/PAQ-4B/C Infrared Aiming Light 2-17 2-7.

AN/PEQ-2A Target Pointer/Illuminator/Aiming Light 2-19 2-8. AN/PAS- 1 3 (V2) Medium Thermal Weapon Sight and AN/PAS- 13 (V3) Heavy Thermal Weapon Sight 2-22 2-9. AN/PVS-4 Night Vision Sight 2-23 2-10. Borelight 2-25 2-11. Ammunition Types and Characteristics 2-26 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ^This publication supersedes FM 23-9, 3 July 1989. FM 3-22.9 CHAPTER 3.

Page TROUBLESHOOTING AND DESTRUCTION 3-1. Stoppages 3-1 3-2. Malfunctions 3-2 3-3.

Destruction Procedures 3-7 CHAPTER 4. PRELIMINARY RIFLE INSTRUCTION (PHASE I of Basic Rifle Marksmanship) Section I. Introduction to Basic Rifle Marksmanship and Mechanical Training. Clearing 4-2 4-2. Cycles of Functioning 4-3 4-3. Modes of Fire 4-8 4-4. Peer Coaching 4-10 Section II.

Marksmanship Fundamentals 1 4-11 4-5. The Four Fundamentals 4-12 4-6. Firing Positions 4-18 4-7. Training Devices and Exercises 4-19 Section III.

Marksmanship Fundamentals II 4-20 4-8. Weaponeer 4-20 4-9. Engagement Skills Trainer 2000 4-21 CHAPTER 5. DOWNRANGE FEEDBACK (PHASE II of Basic Rifle Marksmanship) 5-1. Grouping Procedures 5-1 5-2.

Zeroing Procedures 5-14 5-3. Known-Distance Range (With or Without LOMAH) 5-17 5-4. Effects of Wind and Gravity 5-26 5-5. Ballistics 5-32 CHAPTER 6. FIELD FIRE (PHASE III of Basic Rifle Marksmanship) Section I. Target Detection 6-1 6-1.

Locating Targets 6-1 6-2. Marking Targets 6-3 6-3. Range Determination 6-4 Section II. Field-Fire Training (Single Timed Targets and Multiple Timed Targets) 6-5 6-4. Conduct of Field-Fire Range 6-6 6-5. Field-Fire Standards 6-7 Section III.

Record Qualification 6-9 6-6. Practice Record Fire I and II 6-9 6-7. Practice Record Fire Standards 6-10 6-8. Record Fire 6-11 6-9. Alternate Qualification Courses 6-14 FM 3-22.9 CHAPTER 7. Page ADVANCED RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP (PHASE IV of Basic Rifle Marksmanship) Advanced Firing Positions 7-1 7-1.

Alternate Prone Firing Position 7-1 7-2. Kneeling Supported Firing Position 7-2 7-3. Kneeling Unsupported Firing Position 7-2 7-4. Standing Firing Position 7-3 7-5. Modified Supported Firing Position 7-3 7-6. Urban Operations Firing Positions 7-4 7-7. Modified Automatic and Burst Fire Position 7-6 Combat Fire Techniques 7-7 7-8.

Rapid Semiautomatic Fire 7-7 7-9. Automatic or Burst Fire 7-10 7-10. Suppressive Fire 7-13 7-11. Quick Fire 7-15 Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Firing 7-18 7-12. MOPP Equipment Fire Training 7-18 7-13. NBC Dry-Fire and Live-Fire Exercises 7-21 Night Fire Training 7-22 7-14. Unassisted Night Fire Training 7-23 7-15.

Unassisted Night Fire Target Detection 7-25 7-16. Training with Artificial Illumination 7-26 7-17. Unassisted Night Dry-Fire and Live-Fire Exercises 7-27 Moving Target Engagement 7-29 7-18. Moving Target Fundamentals 7-29 7-19. Single-Lead Rule for Moving Targets 7-30 7-20. Moving Target Live-Fire Exercise 7-35 7-21.

Moving Target Techniques 7-35 Short-Range Marksmanship Training 7-36 7-22. Conduct of Short-Range Marksmanship Training 7-37 7-23. Fundamentals of Short-Range Marksmanship 7-37 7-24. Preliminary Marksmanship Instruction 7-41 7-25. Phase I, Reflexive Fire Training 7-42 7-26. Phase II, Target Discrimination Training 7-44 7-27. Phase III, Short-Range Marksmanship Qualification 7-45 7-28.

Phase IV, Shotgun and Automatic Firing Familiarization 7-46 Squad Designated Marksman Training 7-46 7-29. Mission of the Squad Designated Marksman 7-47 7-30. Squad Designated Marksman Program 7-47 7-31. Squad Designated Marksman Skills Progression 7-47 FM 3-22.9 Page CHAPTER 8. ADVANCED OPTICS, LASERS, AND IRON SIGHTS (PHASE V of Basic Rifle Marksmanship) 8-1. Training Strategies and Qualification Standards 8-1 8-2.

Borelight 8-1 8-3. Back-Up Iron Sight 8-10 8-4. M68, Close-Combat Optic 8-11 8-5. AN/PAS-13 (V2), (V3) Thermal Weapon Sight 8-14 8-6.

AN/PAQ-4B/C and AN/PEQ-2A, Infrared Aiming Lasers. AN/PVS-4 Night Vision Device 8-21 APPENDIX A. TRAINING AIDS AND DEVICES A-l APPENDIX B. SCORECARDS B-l APPENDIX C. LASER MARKSMANSHIP TRAINING SYSTEM C-l APPENDIX D. RANGE SAFETY AND RISK MANAGEMENT D- 1 APPENDIX E. RANGE PROCEDURES AND RANGE OPERATION CHECKLIST E-l APPENDIX F.

ACTIONS, CONDITIONS, AND STANDARDS F-l APPENDIX G. 10-METER TARGET OFFSETS AND 25-METER ZERO OFFSETS G-l APPENDIX H. NIGHT FIGHTING HI GLOSSARY Glossary-1 REFERENCES References-1 INDEX Index-1 IV FM 3-22.9 PREFACE This manual provides guidance for planning and executing training on the 5.56-mm M16-series rifle (M16A1/A2/A3/A4) and M4 carbine. It is a guide for commanders, leaders, and instructors to develop training programs, plans, and lessons that meet the objectives or intent of the United States Army rifle marksmanship program and FM 25-100 (Training the Force). This manual is organized to lead the trainer through the material needed to conduct training during initial entry training (IET) and unit sustainment training.

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Preliminary subjects include discussion on the weapons' capabilities, mechanical training, and the fundamentals and principles of rifle marksmanship. Live-fire applications are scheduled after the soldier has demonstrated preliminary skills. The proponent of this publication is the U.S. Army Infantry School. Send comments and recommendations for improving this manual to doctrine@benning.army.mil or on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Forms) to Commandant, U.S.

Army Infantry School, ATTN: ATSH-ATD, Fort Benning, Georgia; DSN: 835-4704; commercial: (706) 545-5107. Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine gender is used, both men and women are included. FM 3-22.9(FM 23-9) CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND TRAINING STRATEGY An effective unit marksmanship program reflects the priority, emphasis, and interest of commanders and trainers. This chapter provides a proven rifle marksmanship training strategy as guidance in establishing and conducting an effective training program. The strategy consists of the progressive individual training periods taught during initial entry training (IET).

It progresses into advanced skills and concludes with advanced reading material. Refresher training need only be conducted on periods that are deemed necessary.

The proficiency attained by a soldier depends on proper training and application of the basic marksmanship fundamentals. During initial marksmanship training, emphasis is on learning the firing fundamentals, which are taught in four phases-preliminary rifle instruction, downrange feedback, field firing, and advanced firing exercises. This prepares soldiers for advanced optic and laser training for combat-type collective exercises and real world deployments. TRAINING OVERVIEW This section details the effective and proven method of training the soldier in preliminary rifle marksmanship.

The following marksmanship training guide contains the current tasks that are trained in basic rifle marksmanship programs, during basic combat training at Army training centers (ATCs), and during infantry one-station unit training (OSUT). It provides a basis for structuring unit sustainment programs. The unit normally performs a diagnostic test of the tasks and only conducts training on specific periods for soldiers who must improve their basic firing skills. Training is usually conducted in a shorter time frame than at IET. OBJECTIVES The procedures and methods used in the Army basic rifle marksmanship program are based on the concept that soldiers must become skilled marksmen. FM 25-100 stresses marksmanship as a paramount soldier skill.

The basic firing skills and exercises outlined in this manual must be part of every unit's marksmanship training program. Unit commanders must focus their basic and advanced marksmanship training programs to support their respective mission-essential task list (METL). TRAINING STRATEGY Training strategy is the overall concept for integrating resources into a program to train the individual and collective skills needed to perform a unit's wartime mission. Training strategies for basic rifle marksmanship are implemented in TRADOC institutions (IET, Noncommissioned Officers Education System NCOES, Infantry Officer Basic Course IOBC) and in units. The overall training strategy is multifaceted and includes supporting strategies that use resources such as publications, ranges, ammunition, 1-1 FM 3-22.9 training aids and devices, simulators, and simulations. These strategies focus on developing the critical soldier and leader skills required for success in combat. Two primary components form the training strategy: initial training and sustainment training.

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Both may include individual and collective skills. Initial training must be taught correctly the first time. A task taught correctly and learned well is retained longer and skills can be sustained. However, an individual or unit eventually loses skill proficiency. This learning decay depends on many factors such as the difficulty and complexity of the task. Personnel turnover is a main factor in decay of collective skills, since the loss of critical team members requires retraining to regain proficiency. If a long period elapses between initial and sustainment sessions or training doctrine is altered retraining may be required.

Initial Training. The training strategy for basic rifle marksmanship begins in IET and continues in the unit. (An example of this overall process is illustrated in Figure 1-1 and provides a concept of the flow of unit sustainment training.) IET provides field units soldiers who have been trained and who have demonstrated proficiency to standard in basic rifle marksmanship. The soldier graduating from these courses has been trained to maintain the rifle and hit a point target.

He has learned to apply the four marksmanship fundamentals, and other skills needed to engage a target. (1) Once the soldier understands the weapon and has demonstrated skill in zeroing, additional live-fire training exercises are conducted before qualification. Target types and scenarios of increasing difficulty must be mastered to develop proficiency. (2) IET culminates in the soldier's proficiency assessment, which is conducted on the standard record fire range or approved alternates, followed by instruction on advanced firing techniques to include a night fire with either iron sights (unassisted) or night vision goggles (assisted). This evaluation also provides an overview of training effectiveness.

Sustainment Training. Training continues in units using the basic skills taught in IET. Additional skills, such as area fire, are trained and integrated into collective training exercises, which include platoon and squad live-fire situation training exercises (STXs). (1) The strategy for sustaining the basic marksmanship skills taught in IET is periodic preliminary rifle instruction, followed by instructional and qualification range firing. A unit must set up a year-round program to sustain skills. Key elements include training of trainers, refresher training of nonfiring skills, and use of the Weaponeer, Engagement Skills Trainer (EST), location of misses and hits (LOMAH), or other devices for remedial training. Additional skills trained in the unit include semiautomatic and automatic area fires, night fire, MOPP firing, firing using aiming devices, and moving target training techniques.

(2) General marksmanship knowledge and weapon proficiency are perishable skills. Marksmanship training should be conducted for short periods throughout the year. Most units have a readiness requirement that all soldiers must zero their rifles within a certain time after unit assignment. Soldiers must confirm the battle sight zeros of their assigned rifles before conducting a qualification firing. Units should conduct preliminary training and practice firing throughout the year due to personnel turnover.

A year-round marksmanship sustainment program is needed for the unit to maintain the individual and collective firing proficiency requirements to accomplish its mission. 1-2 FM 3-22.9 DETERMINE REQUIREMENTS. PLAN /ADJUST TRAINING CALENDAR BASED ON: HETL COALS READINESS LEVELS - TURNOVERS MISSION - OBSERVANCE OF OEFlCFENQES TRAIN THE TRAINER STAFF ft UNIT LEADERS. INTENT & PRIORITY - VUEiLlCATiMif+S REVIEW N COURSE - EVALUATION CONDUCT UNST EVALUATIONS TRAIN/ REVIEW ■ AHT£P MTP. BAT ILtUH ILLS).

MJLES/LJVE.LTA/MTA VARIED M15SWNS t CONATIONS - NTEGFtATE D JNOW IDUA L & CO LLECT IVE SKILLS - EVALUATION/CONDUCr OF AAA f£^ CONDUCT ADDITIONAL SKILLS PREPARATION ■ NIGHT FIRE SKILLS MOPP SKILLS & POSITIONS - CAMOUFLAGE. COVER, CONCEALMENT - MOBBED/TACTICAL POSITIONS ASSAULT/SUPPRESS1VE FIRES - MOVING TARGETS FIRE & MOVEMENT CONDUCT LIVE-FIRE ASSESSMENT OF INDIVIDUAL NBC1 NIOKTFIRC- CONOUCT FTX, STJC. Fr LFK ASSESSMENT OF DRILLS. COND DOT BASIC ft E CORD F R E. COMMANDER'S EVALUATION - STANDAROOH ALTERNATE COURSE - ASSESSMENT Of BASJC PROFICIENCY ■ HEACtNESS Figure 1-1. Unit marksmanship sustainment strategy.

TRAINING PHASES The procedures and techniques for implementing the Army rifle marksmanship training program are based on all soldiers understanding common firing principles, being proficient marksmen, and being confident in applying their firing skills in combat. This depends on understanding the rifle and applying marksmanship fundamentals. Unit leaders accomplish proficiency through supervised practice by qualified instructors/trainers and thorough objective performance assessments. During preliminary rifle instruction (PRI), instructors/trainers emphasize initial learning by reviewing, reinforcing, and practicing the basics. Soldiers must master weapon maintenance, function checks, and firing fundamentals before progressing to advanced skills and firing exercises under tactical conditions. Soldier skills are developed in five phases:.

PHASE I. Basic Rifle Marksmanship (BRM) Preliminary Rifle Instruction (PRI).